SHaieste GHolami

  Purpose: In order to preserve the diversity of tree species and ensure the continuity of the forest, it is necessary to protect and study microhabitats. For this purpose, in order to achieve conservation and management planning, determining the frequency and diversity of soil macrophauna among different microhabitats, and also identifying the microhabitat with the highest number and the most diverse soil macrophauna, is one of the main and important strategies in this direction.  Research Methodology: Sampling was dowith use from census network and on basis of regular random. In this research, was used from network of20meters × 20meters which were picked up apart at the intersection of the sides of the network in four plots of 5 meters × 5 meters. In order to evaluate the soil macrophaunabiodiversity, the frequency (total number of observed macrophauna perSample piece) and macrophauna biodiversity indices including uniformity (Evenness index), diversity (Shanoon index) and Richness (Menhinick index) were calculated by using Past 3.22 software. The statistical description of the data was carried out in order to obtain a summary of the statistical information of each feature, by using the    23 software.  Results: A stronger association was found between arthropods, beetles and spiders with other organisms throughout the habitat. Earthworms and millipedes were associated with the characteristics of the tree, while beetles, arthropods, and ants were associated with percent of floor covering. soil macrophauna correlation with Shanoon diversity index was stronger than the association of soil organisms with other macrophauna diversity indices. Also, the most diverse soil macrophauna related to the Quercus brantii- infectoria, Crataegus pontica and Quercus brantii microhabitats, and the least, was related to microhabitat of the open air. Among the biodiversity indices, the Menhinick richness index and Shanoon diversity index have shown a stronger relationship with the tree's characteristics,especiallyhave shown a stronger relationship withpercent of canopy, number of tree and tree height.Conclusion: abundance and biodiversity indexes of soil macrophauna are influenced by the type of microhabitat, therefore, it is different in the five types of microhabitats studied. Also, abundance and diversity of macrophauna has been associated with all the characteristics of trees, especially percent of canopy, In the whole forest, and has been associated with percent of floor covering in microhabitats, because in microhabitats, the abundance of beetles, spiders and ants is more than the earthworms and millipedes, which this arthropods with percent of floor coveringare connected.Key words: Biodiversity, Uniformity, Richness, Microhabitat, Macrophauna, Earthworm.

  با افزايش جمعيت كره زمين و اثر مخرب انسان بر طبيعت، سيماي كره زمين حالت طبيعي خود را از دست داده است و در اين ميان اكوسيستم هاي جنگلي بر اثر عامل هاي مخرب در حال تغيير هستند. اهميت جنگل هاي زاگرس چه از نظر حفاظت خاك و توليد آب و چه از نظر نقشي كه در تامين معاش مردم ساكن در اين ناحيه رويشي دارند، بر هيچ كس پوشيده نيست. براساس آخرين برآوردها با يش از يك ميليون هكتار از اكوسيستم هاي جنگلي بلوط ناحي? زاگرس از كل مساحت 7 ميليون هكتاري جنگل هاي اين ناحيه دچار پديد? خشكيدگي و زوال شده اند.كانون   اين پديده به ترتيب رويشگاه هاي جنگلي استان هاي ايلام و فارس و پس از آن، استان هاي لرستان، چهارمحال و بختياري، كهگيلويه و بويراحمد، و كرمانشاه است. خشكيدگي درختي پديده مهم و   پيچيده اي است كه از حدود يك قرن پيش در بيشتر جنگل هاي بلوط دنيا اتفاق افتاده است و در سال هاي اخير نيز در جنگل هاي بلوط زاگرس به دنبال خشكسالي هاي متوالي به وقوع پيوسته است. هرچند عامل هاي متعددي در وقوع خشكيدگي هاي درختي دخيل هستند، اما منشأ اصلي آن خشكسالي ها و بروز تنش هاي خشكي شديد است كه باعث مي شود درختان نتوانند آب مورد نياز خود را به اندازه كافي به دست آورده و دچار ضعف فيزيولوژيك شوند. عوامل مختلفي در بروز اين خشكيدگي تاثير داشته اند، اما به نظر مي رسد عامل اصلي و اوليه، خشكسالي هاي اخير و سپس حمل? آفات و امراض به درختان ضعيف شده باشد. آگاهي از الگوي مكاني پراكنش درختان خشكيده بلوط ايراني (Quercus brantii Lindl) به عنوان گونه غالب چوبي در منطقه مورد مطالعه، مي تواند در ارايه راهكارهاي احتمالي براي پيشگيري و مبارزه با عامل هاي ايجاد خشكيدگي اين گونه مثمرثمر واقع شود و اطلاعاتي را در زمينه چگونگي ساختار افقي توده هاي جنگلي آلوده شده و نحوه پراكنش درختان آلوده در اختيار مديران اجرايي قرار دهد. به منظور بررسي توزيع مكاني خشكيدگي درختان بلوط يك منطقه با مساحت 32 هكتار در جنگل­هاي دهستان چله از توابع گيلانغرب انتخاب و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. تعداد 115 قطعه نمونه(60 قطعه نمونه 250 * 25 متر، 60 قطعه نمونه 500 * 500 متر و 16 قطعه نمونه 1000 * 1000 متر) 25 * 25 متر با ابعاد شبكه 250 * 250، 500 * 500 و 1000 * 1000 متر به صورت منظم تصادفي برداشت شد و مشخصه هاي كمي تمام درختان (تعداد جست، قطر برابر سينه، ارتفاع تاج، ارتفاع درخت، قطر متوسط تاج و سطح تاج) اندازه گيري شد و در درختان داراي خشكيدگي ميزان خشكيدگي و محل خشكيدگي در تاج(طبقات عمودي: خشكيدگي پايين تاج، ميان تاج و بالاي تاج، طبقات افقي: خشكيدگي داخل و خارج تاج) ثبت و همچنين موقعيت درختان خشكيده به وسيله Gps مشخص گرديد. بررسي نتايج خلاصه آماري نشان داد كه قطر برابر سينه و سطح تاج در درختان داري خشكيدگي بيشتر از درختان سالم است به طوريكه ميزان قطر برابر سينه وسطح تاج در درختان داراي خشكيدگي برابر با   42/22 و 24/17 و مقدار آنها در درختان سالم برابر با 05/18 و 02/13 مي باشد كه مي توان گفت خشكيدگي، درختاني كه داراي وضعيت مناسبي هستند را تحت تاثير قرار داده است.

  Forests provide a lot of benefits of economic, social and environmental   for mankind and as a backbone for any country, which of these benefits can be described as one of the forest services.For this purpose investigate of forest vertical and horizontal structure   for better understand of ecological conditions and providing necessary information for forest management. So that in forest ecosystems term structure of space layout is being investigated set of tree features including age of the tree, dimensions, species, gender and so on . In result, having knowledge about forests structure helps to us to support of sustainable management activities for policy development is in line with the goals of forest and correct management   .Although forests from aspect of structures and species from aspect of regeneration process are diverse but their destruction and growth processes are similar and in result exact determine of structural informatio  and birth processes in the several forest can be used for other forests in similar cases. Forest masses structure under of manage through comparing them with normal and normal structures and subsequently implementing correct management can background of deployment one regeneration appropriate for future generations . Species diversity is one of the important components of biodiversity. In fact, it can be said diversity of tree species is the basis of biodiversity in the whole forest because trees provides resources and habitat for all other forest species In fact, flexibility and stability in forest ecosystem  has direct relationship with variety of species and structure in the forest  .In the meantime, for investigate relationship between forest structure and tree species diversity must be used effective tool. .According to this subject can be used earth science statistics. This research is part of the cradle protection forests in Kermanshah province in the common system of Brihi Khani (11 year old area) with a longitude of 46 36’ 87” to   46 39’ 07” eastern and latitude"   34 23’ 37”to 34 19’ 29” North was done. Sampling with use of randomized random network done to dimensions 200 × 200 m which are dismantled   25 original plots with dimensions 20 × 20. Then, in the 1.4 region, 25 plots of 20 × 20 with   distance of 50 meters from each other were taken as subplots. and in these plots was picked structural features,   diversity of trees and diversity of regeneration that harvested specifications in these plots are as follows:In each plot was measured species type, crown diameter, diameter of breast, height of trees, number of searches, frequency percentage of coppice and seedling plots was measured in each plot   .

  One of the uses made in the northern Zagros pollarded oak trees and the foliage for feeding livestock. Several centuries in Europe to control and adjust the height of the trees they are pruned. This operation is called Lopping (pollarding) is said. To study the effects of pollarding on forest structure and spatial pattern of trees on both quantitative and qualitative characteristics in forests voshkalan, located in the city of Marivan, two standes are 20-hectar pollarding and not pollarding   was investigated. 10 ar 60 plots in each stand for grid dimensions 50 x 50 randomly Systematic, and Quantitative features of trees (Diameter at breast, density, canopy, and height) were measured. The qualitative features of them (resprouting Well, resprouting average, resprouting weak, the number of healthy trees, dry trees , mistletoe on trees and tree density infectoria) are measured and recorded. UTM coordinate system to GPS location points moved. Statistical Summary trees in the stand showed a significant effect of pollarding on forest structure factor is the marked decline in the area of the canopy so that the volume of this factor is almost half of pollarding on forest structure. To see that the average size of the canopy intact stand 188.57 cubic meters. Whereas the characteristics of this factor (pollarding on forest structure) and showed a significant difference to the amount of 80.29 cubic meters as a result of this characteristic is involved. The results of statistical tests (t-test) showed the characteristic features of four little tree canopy, average diameter at breast height, average height and density of trees undisturbed tannic between two bodies of pollarding and there is a significant difference, So that the characteristic average diameter at breast height pollarding average stand of workers is intact and features of the cover and density as a result of this operating tannic trees (pollarding) declined. The qualitative features of the all features had significant differences between the two populations. So that the stand resprouting and pollarding of healthy trees have been much better condition than the standes. Two specifications of dry trees and mistletoe on the trees in the intact stand relative to the stand pollarding more.The results Spatial structure indicate that the most quantity characteristic exponential models were examined in two areas. The average height and average diameter of the spherical model showed in both populations studied. The results of the spatial structure features of the study also showed that all the parameters in the two regions has a correlation ratio was 25-75 percent, so the spatial average showed. The qualitative characteristics of spatial structure suggests that two variables in a pile of dried tree pollarding and resprouting Well undisturbed stand strong correlation with ltr">