Zeinab Chaghakaboodi

   Abstract Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most important vegetables of the Solanaceae family, cultivated In tropical and subtropical regions, and valued for its economic, nutritional, and medicinal properties. Conventional propagation methods are often limited due to their tIme-consuming nature, dependence on environmental conditions, and reduced genetic uniformity. Therefore, the application of plant tissue culture techniques Is essential for rapid and uniform propagation as well as genetic Improvement. This study was conducted to investigate direct and Indirect regeneration of eggplant and to optimize the combination of plant growth regulators under In vitro conditions.    The experiments were carried out In the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in a factorial arrangement with three replications. Three types of explants—true leaf, cotyledon, and hypocotyl—were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators BAP, IBA, and GA?. The best callus induction was obtained from hypocotyl explants cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L IBA. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of explant type, concentration of growth regulators, and their interactions on callus Induction percentage, fresh and dry weight, length, width, and height of callus were significant at the 1% probability level. In direct regeneration, the highest regeneration percentage and number of shoots were obtained from leaf explants on MS medium containing 5 mg/L BAP. The rooting experiment indicated that the control treatment (without IBA) resulted in the highest rooting percentage and root length. Regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized to soil conditions in the greenhouse and exhibited normal growth.    Overall, the results demonstrated that proper selection of explant type and optimization of plant growth regulator concentrations play a key role in improving in vitro regeneration of eggplant. These findings can serve as a basis for large-scale production of healthy plantlets, germplasm conservation, and breeding programs in this valuable species.    Keywords: BAP, callus induction, direct and indirect organogenesis, IBA, in vitro regeneration.   

The Poaceae family plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. Oat, as a cereal and high-quality forage, has special significance. Increasing forage production is required due to livestock demand and resource limitations. This study evaluated the morphological, phenological, forage, and chemical diversity of 40 hexaploid oat genotypes with the aim of identifying genotypes possessing desirable forage and agronomic traits. The experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 cropping season at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah Province. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 40 treatments, consisting of forage-type genotypes selected from previous trials, was applied with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits except plant height. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of most agronomic and qualitative traits. The RYHTI, CHINESE, HOUDAN and STORMONT IRIS genotypes were superior in quantitative traits such as fresh forage weight, harvest index and grain yield, number of spikes and straw yield, while the JARLE, VENTURA, RUBIDA and ALASKA genotypes were distinguished by qualitative traits such as ash content, crude fat percentage, crude protein percentage and crude fiber percentage. Phenologically, the KENT genotype was introduced as the earliest and the SUPPORT genotype as the latest, which are suitable for regions with short and long growing seasons, respectively. The results of cluster analysis also confirmed the findings of the mean comparison and introduced the JARLE and FORWARD genotypes as well as ACACIA and CHINESE genotypes as superior in terms of a set of agronomic and qualitative traits. The correlation study of traits showed that some quantitative traits had a negative correlation with qualitative traits, while there was a positive correlation between some qualitative traits, indicating that genotypes focused on a group of traits. Finally, using the ideal genotype selection index, the ACACIA genotype was introduced as the superior genotype for continuing breeding programs. Keywords: Principal component analysis, Cluster analysis, Crude protein, Genotype selection index, Ether extract

 Abstract  Iron is one of the essential micronutrients necessary for thesurvival of plants, as it plays a crucial role in chlorophyll synthesis andmaintaining the structure and function of chloroplasts. This micronutrient actsas a component of vital enzymes such as cytochromes in the electron tra  ortchain. Due to the solubility and absorption capabilities of iron oxide andsilica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in plants, they can be utilized aseffective nano-fertilizers for plant growth. In the present study, iron oxideand silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles were evaluated as nano-fertilizerson the germination and growth characteristics of the Soheil variety of Camelinaunder completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in both invivo and in vitro conditions. The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles wasperformed using the co-precipitation method, while silica-coated iron oxidenanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Variouscharacterization analyses (SEM, EDX, FTIR, DLS, and Zeta potential) confirmedthe effective synthesis of nanoparticles. Germination traits includedgermination percentage, root length, shoot length, number of primary leaves, anddistance between primary leaves from cotyledons, while growth traits includeddays to budding, days to pod formation, days to maturity, plant height, numberof pods on the main stem, number of pods on side branches, number of pods perplant, number of branches per plant, and number of seeds per pod. Aftertreating Camelina seeds with different concentrations of iron oxide andsilica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (20 to 100 mg/L) through nano-primingand planting seeds in MS medium for one week, the germination percentage wasmeasured. Results indicated an increase in seed germination percentage due totreatment with iron oxide and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles up to aconcentration of 100 mg/L in both in vivo and in vitro conditions. In Camelina plants,the maximum root length was observed at a concentration of 80 mg/L of ironoxide nanoparticles compared to the control. An inhibitory effect of highconcentrations of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles on root growth wasalso noted, with the lowest root growth observed at a concentration of 20 mg/L.According to this research's results, nano-priming treatment of Camelina seedsunder in vivo conditions showed positive effects on budding at concentrationsup to 80 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticles and up to 60 mg/L for silica-coatediron oxide nanoparticles. Pod production on the main stem performed best atlower concentrations up to 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticlesand up to 20 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticles on side branches. Seedproduction in Camelina also showed optimal performance at lower concentrationsup to 20 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles and 40 mg/L for ironoxide nanoparticles. The production of side branches and the number of pods onthem increased with concentrations up to 20 mg/L for iron oxide nanoparticlesand 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. The results of thisstudy demonstrated that concentrations ranging from 20 to 80 mg/L for ironoxide nanoparticles and from 20 to 60 mg/L for silica-coated iron oxidenanoparticles have potential as nano-fertilizers in Camelina plants. Thisresearch indicates that iron oxide and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles

   Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an annual flowering plant of the Brassicaceae family and a medicinal oil seed. It has low requirements for water and fertilizer and has significant adaptability to harsh environmental conditions such as cold and drought. But despite its importance, the product is considered new to Iran and needs more research and attention. In this study, 18 Camelina doubled haploid lines along with Soheil variety were evaluated in terms of agronomic and biochemical characteristics in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications in field conditions. Crop traits including plant height, number of sub-branches, number of pods in main and sub-branches, number of seeds in pods, weight of 1000 seeds and biomass and biochemical characteristics including the amount of fatty acids of the studied lines by GC-MS method It was measured.   Results of morphological data and variance analysis of fatty acids showed significant differences between lines in all studied traits, indicating the existence of diversity among lines. The results of cluster analysis by UPGMA method and Euclidean distance square based on morphological traits and fatty acids divided the lines into two and three groups, respectively. In order to investigate the molecular diversity, Camelina doubled haploid lines were studied using 15 I   retrotra  oson Primers, and 14 Primers showed proper polymorphism and produced clear and scorable bands. The primers produced a total of 325 bands, 83 of which were polymorphic. The average number of amplified fragments was 23.21. Primers I   (2076) and I   (2271) produced the largest number of bands by producing 31 bands. Primer I   (2226) produced the least number of bands by producing 13 bands. The average number of polymorphic bands for each primer was 5.93. The average polymorphic percentage (PP) of the primers was 25.41%. In total, I  (2076), I  (2237) and I  (2239) primers with high values of polymorphic band number, polymorphic percentage, marker index, effective polymorphic ratio, resolving power and polymorphic information content were the most effective in distinguishing lines and as Informative primers were introduced. After examining the Jaccard genetic similarity matrix based on the I   index, the variation range of the genetic distance of the lines was calculated from 0.4 to 0.9. Clustering based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient divided the lines into four main groups. According to the decomposition into principal coordinates, the first two principal components explained a total of 32.08% of the changes, which indicated the almost appropriate coverage of the markers at the genome level. Based on the principal coordinate analysis results, the lines were placed in five groups. The results of Mantel's test of the molecular and morphological data showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the two matrices, and it can be said that the diversity at the field level confirms the diversity at the molecular data level. However, the similarity matrix obtained from molecular data and fatty acids, as well as the similarity matrix obtained from morphological data and fatty acids, showed their non-significance. Therefore, I   markers appear to be suitable markers for studying the genetic diversity of camelina, and the diversity observed among lines could be used in camelina plant breeding programs to produce varieties with desired characteristics.

   In this research, sequential sampling of different species of thrips was done in three important rangelands of Javanrud (Kermanshah province) from March 2023 to June 2023. These pastures included Deh-Sarkh (1500 meters), Massander (1370 meters) and Gandab (1270 meters). Sampling was done weekly by shaking selected plants between three sites into a white tray. Plants of the three sampling sites included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), oats (Avena fatua L), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursapastoris) and wild barley   (Hordeum spontaneum). The results showed that among the total number of 10,503 samples collected from the three sites of Javanroud, 18 species of thrips belonging to four families, including Aeolothripidae (four species), Melanthripidae (one species), Thripidae (nine species) and Phlaeothripidae (four species) were found on five abundant plant species were identified.   Among these 18 species, the four dominant species in the region were Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Melanthrips knechteli, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny). Results based on critical indicators such as Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Ds showed a difference between the three sampling sites in terms of biodiversity. Based on both Shannon- (2.76) and Simson Ds (0.93) indices, the highest diversity of thrips species is found in the Gandab pasture. The two sites of Deh Sarkh and Massander have almost similar species diversity. The equitability index (=j) for Gandab (0.95) and Deh Sorekh (0.92) was higher than Massander (0.90). The results of the Principal Component Analysis showed that the tendency of thrips species to disperse among the three regions is different from each other. The species similarity index based on the Chekanovsky coefficient showed that the highest species composition is the same between Deh Sorkh and Massander pastures, which are closer to each other in terms of height than the sea level. The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index showed that the highest biodiversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua L (2.69), H. spontaneum (2.67) and S. arvensis (2.43) plants, respectively. According to the Simson index, the highest diversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua (0.92) and H. spontaneum (0.92) plants. On the other hand, considering that the lowest Simson diversity index recorded on the rest of the plants was in the range between 0.81 and 0.88.   Therefore, all five selected plants are important host plants for thrips collected, but A. fatua, H. spontaneum   and S. arvensis plants are more key plants in relation to the biodiversity of different species of thrips in Deh-sorkh. The highest pillo uniformity index (equitability=j) in Deh Sarkh was on C. bursapastoris (0.95), in Massander on H. spontaneum   (0.95) and C. bursapastoris (0.95), and in Gandab on A. fatua (0.96) and H. spontaneum   (0.96). In all three sites of Javanroud, the highest carrying capacity in relation to multiple species of thrips was related to wild mustard plant. The similarity index results of thrips species on selected host plants based on the PCA method and the NMDS in the three sampled sites showed that R. brunneus Williams and F. intonsa (Trybom) species had a higher abundance on A. fatua in the Deh-sorkh pasture. Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) species are seen with the same abundance on S.arvensis, A. fatua   and H. spontaneum   lants.   However, the species Melanthrips knechteli

   Abstract Accurate identification of host species is very important for disease diagnosis and adopting the correct disease management strategy. Paecilomyces formosus species, the cause of red rot and decay of oak, is an emerging threat that may put Iran's Zagros forests in serious danger in the future. In this study, the nested polymerase chain reaction with PaMF and PaMR specific primers designed by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed region of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS of P formosus species and other close arrays were used to detect this species. For this purpose, sampling of forest trees with symptoms of red rot was done in two provinces of Kermanshah and Ilam. Paecilomyces isolates were identified using morphological characteristics, acid production on keratin sucrose agar culture medium and sequencing of the rDNA-ITS region and part of the betatubulin gene. By using nested polymerase chain reaction, the 441 bp band was exclusively amplified from P. formosus genomic DNA, and no band was observed for other species, including P. variotii species. The nested polymerase chain reaction method can detect 100 pg of P. formosus genomic DNA. Sixty trees from seven areas in the Zagros forests were evaluated with red rot symptoms. This is the first report of P. formosus pathogenicity in Paliurus spina-christi trees. In addition, the severity of the disease was measured on 11 tree species at three different temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 degrees Celsius. The severity of the disease caused by all the isolates on the branches isolated at 35°C was higher than at 15 and 25°C. This study presents the host range of this pathogen and shows that these potential hosts are susceptible to the pathogen at the high temperatures that forest trees have experienced in recent decades.

   چكيده: نيترات يك شكل طبيعي از نيتروژن و بخش جدايي­ناپذير از چرخه نيتروژن در محيط زيست است. مصرف بيش از اندازه كود­هاي شيميايي و آلي، آبشويي نيترات از خاك و تجمع آن در محصولات كشاورزي يكي از مشكلات زيست­محيطي مهم جوامع امروزي است. به دليل اثرات سوء نيترات بر سلامتي انسان، امروزه به تجمع اين يون در سبزيجات توجه زيادي شده است. در اين مطالعه اثر سطوح مختلف كود­ شيميايي (اوره) و آلي (بخش جامد بيوگاز،كود دامي، كمپوست زباله شهري) بر تجمع نيترات در خاك، سه نوع سبزي شاهي، جعفري و ريحان سبز و همچنين ميزان آبشويي نيترات از خاك بصورت هفتگي در 6 هفته بررسي شد و طول ساقه، ريشه و وزن گياه ريحان، جعفري و شاهي در تيمارهاي شاهد و كودهاي اوره، بيوگاز، كود دامي و كمپوست زباله شهري اندازه­گيري شد. تجزيه واريانس داده­ها با استفاده از آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كاملاً تصادفي در چهار تكرار در شرايط گلخانه انجام گرفت. مقايسه ميانگين با استفاده از آزمون دانكن در نرم­افزار    انجام شد. غلظت نيترات در گياه ريحان در تيمارهاي شاهد، كمپوست زباله شهري، اوره، كوددامي و   بيوگاز به ترتيب 68/147، 30/237، 66/278 ، 23/512 و 45/883 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك و در گياه جعفري به ترتيب 49/131، 74/750، 84/720، 26/622 و 31/311   ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك بود. اين مقادير در گياه شاهي به ترتيب 172، 42/165، 99/166، 57/128 و 43/160 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك اندازه­گيري شد. غلظت اين آنيون در خاك­هاي تحت كشت ريحان در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 11/48، 88/63، 45/75، 35/75 و 16/54 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم وزن خشك و در خاك تحت كشت گياه جعفري به ترتيب 02/39، 49/126، 96/71، 46/79 و 06/51 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم و در خاك تحت كشت شاهي به ترتيب 02/39، 80/33، 52/31، 21/27 و 02/34 ميلي­گرم بر كيلوگرم بود. غلظت نيترات در زه­آب خروجي از خاك­ها در هر سه گياه ريحان، جعفري و شاهي در هفته اول بيشترين مقدار و با افزايش دفعات آبياري از مقدار آن كاسته شد. در هفته نخست در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت ريحان غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره 11/1، 95/44، 35/17، 76/36 و 45/32 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته ششم به ترتيب به 7/1، 2/3، 37/4، 1/6 و 6/3 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر رسيد. در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت جعفري در هفته نخست غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 06/17، 23/48، 49/36، 92/17 و 44/40 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته ششم به ترتيب به 36/0، 11/0، 14/0، 05/0 و 17/0 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر اندازه­گيري شد. غلظت اين آنيون در زه­آب خروجي از خاك تحت كشت شاهي در هفته نخست غلظت نيترات در تيمارهاي شاهد، بيوگاز، كمپوست زباله شهري، كود دامي و اوره به ترتيب 10/1، 16/51، 13/28، 34/29 و 23/38 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر بود كه در هفته آخر از پژوهش به 36/0، 11/0، 14/0، 05/0 و 2/0 ميلي­گرم بر ليتر رسيد. نتايج نشان داد كه غلظت نيترات در استفاده از كود اوره در هيچ يك از سه سبزي مورد مطالعه از تيمارهاي كود آلي بيشتر نبود. همچنين در اين پژوهش با استفاده از تيمارهاي كود آلي به خصوص تيمار بيوگاز ميزان آبشويي نيترات از خاك بيشتر از تيمار كود اوره بود.

Lettuce is considered as a model plant for biotechnology because of its compatibility with stable genetic transformation and tissue culture. In gene transformation, optimization of tissue culture is the first step to achieve a transgenic plant in order to reproduce the plant as soon as possible. GDP-mannose-3’,5’-epimerase (GME) is one of the key genes in ascorbic acid biosynthesis pathway in plants. The present study aims to transfer GDP-mannose-3´,5´-epimerase (GME) gene from Actinidia deliciosa L. into Lactuca sativa L. First, in order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L., its tissue culture was optimized and then gene transformation was done. Moreover, to investigate callus induction rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 16 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/l NAA and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, and also direct regeneration rate using the effects of explant (cotyledon and true leaves) and 6 plant growth regulator combination including concentrations of 0.02 and 0.05 mg/l NAA and 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/l BAP, a factorial replacement series experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. No analysis was performed since no result was obtained for direct regeneration experiment with the listed treatments. The results from ANOVA indicated that interaction effects of explant type and plant growth regulators (BAP and NAA) were significant at 1% probability level in callus induction, relative water content, weight growth, and indirect regeneration. Furthermore, the results of means comparison revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction and indirect regeneration (100%) were observed on leaf and cotyledon explants and MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l BAP and 0.04 mg/l NAA. In order to transform GME into Lactuca sativa L. using L. sativa L. cv. Setareh and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (C58) on two types of explants (cotyledon and true leaves), a factorial replacement series experiment with three replications and 2 min and 8 min inoculation was done. The results also confirmed the presence of pBI121+GME in transgenic plants. In addition, the explant true leaves and 2 min inoculation (with 18 percent transformation ratio) were more suitable for transformation. Keywords: Transformation, tissue culture, vitamin C, lettuce, GME   

  AbstractStresses are an important factor in reducing crop production and water-deficient is one of the most important stresses. Camelina sativa L. as oilseed plants belongs to Brassicaceae family has many properties and applications in industry, pharmaceutical sciences, human and livestock nutrition and cosmetic industries. This plant is more favoured than other oilseeds due to its benefits such as low water requirement, low inputs and adaptation to stresses such as cold, drought and pests. The present study was conducted to evaluate the water deficit tolerance of six genotypes of camelina in 2018-19 in terms of some traits in tissue culture and greenhouse experiments. Analysis of variance in greenhouse studies in a randomized complete block design showed significant differences between studied genotypes as well as stress levels for plant height, root length, root weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. Mean comparison results showed that Soheil cultivar had the highest grain yield (3.03g). In the callus induction and cotyledon culture of six genotypes experiment, the effects of four levels of water deficit including 0, 20, 10 and 30% PEG6000 were investigated based on completely randomized design. The variables of callus growth rate, relative callus growth rate and relative callus water content under stress conditions were also studied. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the camelina genotypes in studied traits (under stress conditions) and between different stresses. In plant tissue culture experiment, Soheil cultivar due to its higher relative water content (8.32%) and relative growth rate of callus (4.29%), among other genotypes it was identified as a high tolerance cultivar to water deficit. So, the Soheil cultivar is reported as the least susceptible to water deficit in greenhouse and callus induction studies.