Leila Akbari

The need to increase wheat yield and quality, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, adaptation to climate change, and the increase in the world population have increased the need for wheat breeding through its wild ancestors, including emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum   .dicoccoides). Emmer wheat's ability to produce high yields in poor soils, and its resistance to disease and tolerance to drought and heat stress have made it an important species with a very rich gene pool. In the present study, in order to investigate the genetic diversity of Amr wheat germplasm in terms of phenological and agromorphological characteristics as well as grain quality traits including iron, zinc and soluble protein concentrations, 150 Amr wheat genotypes originating from different countries (Iran, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq and occupied Palestine) were evaluated in an alpha lattice design with two replications in the 1401-1402 crop year under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment was significant for all measured traits except spike length and peduncle length, the effect of genotype was significant for all traits except leaf chlorophyll index, and the interaction effect of genotype × environment was significant for all traits except leaf chlorophyll index and days to spike. The highest general heritability (0.86) was obtained for the plant height trait under dryland conditions, which can indicate the possibility of successful selection for this trait. Based on the results of phenotypic and genotypic correlation analysis in both conditions, plant height had a positive and significant correlation with spike length and number of grains per spike, as well as spike length with number of grains per spike and peduncle length. In both conditions, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the grain iron and zinc content traits, and it is likely that these two traits can be increased simultaneously. In supplementary irrigation conditions, a negative and significant correlation was observed between zinc content and grain soluble protein. Cluster analysis using UPGMA and WARD methods was performed based on the measured traits, and according to the results of the false F, the Amer wheat genotypes were divided into four groups under dryland conditions and into two groups under supplementary irrigation conditions. Keywords: Genetic diversity, drought tolerance indices, phenological traits, grain quality traits, morphological traits, Amer wheat  

      Useful omega-3, lignans (plant estrogens) and phytosterols in various oil seeds in heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, treatment, cancer, high blood pressure, etc., probably due to disease diagnosis. And their opposite has been proven. Also, oilseeds grow all over the world and become important economic products. Recently, oilseeds have received much attention due to the presence of phytonutrients that have health benefits, especially in the treatment of many non-communicable diseases. Chia (Salvia hispanica L) is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Chia is an oilseed plant that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, high quality nutrients, a large amount of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Also, this plant has various properties of polyphenol antioxidants. . It protects the oil of this plant against chemical and microbial damage. The purpose of this experiment was to optimize the conditions of callus induction and micropropagation of chia plant under different growth regulators and to use different explants for different explants of chia plant. Callus induction experiment using three hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. and leaves and growth regulator 2,4-D in the conditions of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/liter along with 0.1 of BAP growth regulator. The factorial design was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The results of this experiment showed that the best combination for the induction of 100% callus was obtained at the level of 1.5 mg/liter of 2,4-D along with 0.1 mg/liter of BAP and hypocotyl explants. Direct regeneration experiment with five explants. including terminal bud, cotyledon, hypocotyl, leaf and node and BAP at seven levels including 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 mg/liter and factorially and in the form of a completely random design . It was done in three repetitions. The results of the direct regeneration test showed that the highest percentage of direct regeneration was 100% and the highest number of stems in the explant (8.21) was obtained in the combination of shoot tip explant and BAP growth regulator in the amount of 2 mg/liter. The initial experiment was conducted with the growth regulator IBA at 0, 1 and 2 mg levels in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results of the rooting tests showed that the highest percentage of rooting was 100%, the highest number of roots (4.89) and the highest root length (7.03 cm) in the control treatment and in the MS culture medium without IBA growth regulator. Achieved. Key words: Chia, micro-propagation, tissue culture, culture medium   

Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world. The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is a polyphagous insect whose nymphs and adults severely reduce crop yield and cause economic damage by feeding on rapeseed. Therefore, chemical control is considered one of the best ways to manage this pest due to its immediate effect. But considering the importance of food safety and the need to protect the environment, it is better to replace reduced-risk pesticides with broad-spectrum pesticides or use a combination of these compounds. In addition, mixing insecticides is a useful solution to delay pest resistance and reduce production costs. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acetamiprid against the rapeseed false chinch bug and compare it with malathion, which is used in Iran to control this pest. The results of bioassays against adults in two application methods in greenhouse conditions showed that the insecticidal activity of both compounds as foliar spraying (Sp) is more than the soil application (SA). Also, acetamiprid was more toxic than malathion to N. cymoides. The interaction between the two insecticides was antagonistic in all tested cases, except where the recommended concentration of both was applied in an equal volume ratio in the soil, and the result was an additive interaction. Moreover, the persistence of insecticides was investigated for 21 days after treatment at one-week intervals. Accordingly, the mortality caused by the recommended concentration of malathion (RC) Sp decreased significantly within a week of the treatment and reached from 100% to 16.07%; however, acetamiprid was more durable, and the resulting mortality decreased from 92.71% to 34.82%. But in the SA method, on the contrary, malathion (RC) was much more persistent, and after one week, it still killed 53.13% of the treated insects. At the same time, acetamiprid (RC), even during the first 48 hours, caused only 60.71% mortality, but it did not lose much in terms of durability and caused 32.14% mortality after one week. Acetamiprid (2RC) SA and malathion ?2 RC (SA)+ malathion ?2 RC (Sp) had effective control and good durability that can be used alternately. Given the effectiveness in controlling the pest and delaying its resistance and environmental safety, the best combination treatments of two insecticides were firstly malathion (SA) RC + acetamiprid (SA) RC and then malathion 1/2 RC (Sp) + acetamiprid 1/2 RC (Sp). Four-hour, seven- and 14-day residues of the two mentioned treatments led to more than 78%, 41% and 12% mortality in rape seed false chinch bugs, respectively. Therefore, selected single and combination treatments can be used alternately for better control of this pest. This research's results can help improve the chemical control method of N. cymoides.   

The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is one of the important pests of oilseed rape worldwide, severely reducing crop yield in aggressive attacks. At present, broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates are used to control it in Iran, which endangers human food security and leaves environmental pollution. On the other hand, the correct use of a mixture of pesticides is one of the solutions that not only reduces the consumption of pesticides but also delays the resistance of pests to insecticides or breaks it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the new and reduced-risk pesticide spirotetramat for controlling N. cymoides and its simultaneous use with chlorpyrifos by combining two application methods at two recommended concentrations (RC) and half of it in greenhouse conditions. The results of the bioassays showed that spirotetramat in the foliar application was more toxic than in soil application and generally more toxic than chlorpyrifos in both methods. At the same time, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was similar in both application methods. Also, the interaction of two insecticides was estimated as the additive in all the combined treatments, except for chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) Sp, which was antagonistic. Further, the persistence of insecticide residues with one week-intervals from the time of application to three weeks later in different treatments showed that chlorpyrifos RC was the most durable treatment among the single treatments throughout this period in both methods. However, the persistence of the mixed treatments of two insecticides was equal, and during this period, from 22.87-100% of losses (two-hour residues) to 50.39-44% (one-week residues), then It reached 27.78-17.78 % (two-week residues) and finally three to eight percentage (three-week residues). In terms of persistence, no difference was observed between the two application methods of chlorpyrifos during three weeks. Regarding spirotetramat, the effectiveness of the two-hour residues of the foliar spraying method was higher than that of the soil application method. Still, it was equal in the first to the third week. The results of persistence tests also determined that spirotetramat degrades faster than chlorpyrifos in both application methods. Finally, due to the high efficiency and good durability for controlling N. cymoides, foliar application chlorpyrifos RC and soil-applied spirotetramat 2RC were selected from among the single treatments, which should be used alternately to prevent the occurrence of resistance. Due to the less pollution for the environment, the additive interaction and the possibility of more encounters between the insects and the insecticide, two treatments of chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA + spirotetramat (RC) SA and chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) Sp+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) SA are the most suitable among the mixture treatments. This research helps to improve the chemical control method of the false chinch bug.

   Abstract